Assignment Sheets and Lessons:
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Journals #0-3 are DUE Monday, 02/26 and will be marked down if late.
Journals #4-5 are DUE Monday, 03/05 and will be marked down if late. Journals #6-9 are DUE Monday, 03/12 and will be marked down if late. FINAL Journal DUE Friday, 03/16 |
EVENT 1: Stamp Act March 1765-1766
Plot Summary
British
§ “Mad” King George III (some say crazy, stupid, diseased)
§ Parliament: passed taxes on colonies
American
§ Sons of Liberty: first terrorist group in America. Secret society.
§ Colonists
Outcome
· Stamp Act Congress. 9 Colonies sent a letter to Parliament and King explaining position
· Boycotts – colonists say they won’t buy the taxed goods (merchants in NYC against importing British goods)
· SonsOfLiberty (tar & feather) & DaughtersOfLiberty (boycott foreign made goods, homespun clothes became symbol of resistance), and rioting in NYC (burned gov’s coach in bonfire, destroyed tax collector’s house)
· Repeal of Stamp Act March 1766
Historical Significance
· British violating cherished idea of “no taxation without representation …”
· Colonies asserting their will for the first time
· British response: Colonies are disobedient children who need to be shown their place.
- Increased nationalism because of unified resistance
- o Tax passed by British Parliament on the Colonies to help pay for the F/I War (ended 1763) and to fund a permanent military force in the colonies (Quartering Act 1765).
o It taxed things like paper, diplomas, playing cards, etc.
British
§ “Mad” King George III (some say crazy, stupid, diseased)
§ Parliament: passed taxes on colonies
American
§ Sons of Liberty: first terrorist group in America. Secret society.
§ Colonists
Outcome
· Stamp Act Congress. 9 Colonies sent a letter to Parliament and King explaining position
· Boycotts – colonists say they won’t buy the taxed goods (merchants in NYC against importing British goods)
· SonsOfLiberty (tar & feather) & DaughtersOfLiberty (boycott foreign made goods, homespun clothes became symbol of resistance), and rioting in NYC (burned gov’s coach in bonfire, destroyed tax collector’s house)
· Repeal of Stamp Act March 1766
Historical Significance
· British violating cherished idea of “no taxation without representation …”
· Colonies asserting their will for the first time
· British response: Colonies are disobedient children who need to be shown their place.
- Increased nationalism because of unified resistance
EVENT 2: Boston Massacre March 5, 1770
Plot Summary
o For 3 years now, colonists have been resisting Townshend acts & resenting british soldiers
o A group of Colonists gathered and taunted British soldiers. 9PM at night. They threw snowballs, used clubs, hurled insults, etc. confident that soldiers would never fire.
o Eventually shots are fired; 11 shot, five people are killed.
-It became known as the “Boston Massacre”, largely as framed by Sam Adams and thanks to the Revere etching entitled “The Bloody Massacre”.
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
British
· 8 soldiers for the British (Captain Preston)
Colonists
· Angry mob: youth, dockworkers, and others, about 100 in total
· Crispus Attucks: black or mulatto (four more killed in addition to him)
· John Adams defends the British in trial
· Samuel Adams called it “massacre”
· Paul Revere: silversmith and engraver who created the “Bloody Massacre” picture
Outcome
· 6 of 8 soldiers acquitted (found innocent). Two are found guilty of “manslaughter” and branded on right hand with “M”
-Townshend Acts repealed except for tea
Historical Significance
· Begins to pull Colonists together against the British.
· Many Colonists were outraged by this “massacre”—10,000 attended the group funeral
· Other Colonists still appreciated British soldiers’ restraint against the unruly mob.
o For 3 years now, colonists have been resisting Townshend acts & resenting british soldiers
o A group of Colonists gathered and taunted British soldiers. 9PM at night. They threw snowballs, used clubs, hurled insults, etc. confident that soldiers would never fire.
o Eventually shots are fired; 11 shot, five people are killed.
-It became known as the “Boston Massacre”, largely as framed by Sam Adams and thanks to the Revere etching entitled “The Bloody Massacre”.
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
British
· 8 soldiers for the British (Captain Preston)
Colonists
· Angry mob: youth, dockworkers, and others, about 100 in total
· Crispus Attucks: black or mulatto (four more killed in addition to him)
· John Adams defends the British in trial
· Samuel Adams called it “massacre”
· Paul Revere: silversmith and engraver who created the “Bloody Massacre” picture
Outcome
· 6 of 8 soldiers acquitted (found innocent). Two are found guilty of “manslaughter” and branded on right hand with “M”
-Townshend Acts repealed except for tea
Historical Significance
· Begins to pull Colonists together against the British.
· Many Colonists were outraged by this “massacre”—10,000 attended the group funeral
· Other Colonists still appreciated British soldiers’ restraint against the unruly mob.
EVENT 3: Coercive/ Intolerable Acts May & June 1774
Maybe the single most important step toward war
Plot Summary
· In response to the BTP, Parliament passed a series of acts known as the CA/IA
· 4 major acts included
· Boston Port Act—closing of the port of Boston until they paid for BTP
· Massachusetts Government Act—reducing colonial government & instituted total British rule in colony, no local input on laws.
· Administration of Justice Act—British officials living in the colonies who committed serious crimes would be sent to England for their trials (where they would receive more sympathy)
· Quebec Act—extended French territory south to the Ohio River, pushed out British colonists who were still trying to move west to settle in the valley
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
British
· Parliament: passed the law to punish the colonies
Colonists
· Colonists of Mass. and specifically Boston
· George Washington: wealthy planter / war hero from F&I War— “The cause of Boston now is and ever will be the cause of America”
· Ben Franklin—Unofficial colonial ambassador who tried to smooth things over…He called the BTP a “violent act of injustice”
Outcome
· Put a stranglehold on the city of Boston that causes Colonists to dislike the British and think about ways to band together against the British
· people outside Boston sent support in the way of food and money to help—Committees of Correspondence now became assistance networks
Historical Significance
· Colonists saw this as “intolerable”
· Backfired for British
· United the colonies even further
· pushes them toward First Cont. Congress and eventually war
· In response to the BTP, Parliament passed a series of acts known as the CA/IA
· 4 major acts included
· Boston Port Act—closing of the port of Boston until they paid for BTP
· Massachusetts Government Act—reducing colonial government & instituted total British rule in colony, no local input on laws.
· Administration of Justice Act—British officials living in the colonies who committed serious crimes would be sent to England for their trials (where they would receive more sympathy)
· Quebec Act—extended French territory south to the Ohio River, pushed out British colonists who were still trying to move west to settle in the valley
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
British
· Parliament: passed the law to punish the colonies
Colonists
· Colonists of Mass. and specifically Boston
· George Washington: wealthy planter / war hero from F&I War— “The cause of Boston now is and ever will be the cause of America”
· Ben Franklin—Unofficial colonial ambassador who tried to smooth things over…He called the BTP a “violent act of injustice”
Outcome
· Put a stranglehold on the city of Boston that causes Colonists to dislike the British and think about ways to band together against the British
· people outside Boston sent support in the way of food and money to help—Committees of Correspondence now became assistance networks
Historical Significance
· Colonists saw this as “intolerable”
· Backfired for British
· United the colonies even further
· pushes them toward First Cont. Congress and eventually war
EVENT 4: Battles of Lexington & Concord April 18-19, 1775
Plot Summary
· John Hancock, Sam Adams, other leaders were hiding from arrest in Concord. Also a stockpile of ammunition in Concord.
· The British troops are planning to capture them in Concord, but colonial spies find out.
· Paul Revere & others ride into the night to warn of approaching “regulars”
· Lexington 5 am: British & 77 militia meet. Mysterious shot fired. 8 colonists killed. British go on to Concord
· Conflict at North Bridge, 2 colonists killed, 3 British killed.
· 400 militia waiting on hillside, thought their homes were being burned, came down to Concord and attacked. Few deaths. British retreat.
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Paul Revere & Samuel Prescott ride the north route to warn colonists; PR captured by British soldiers
· William Dawes rides south route
· Militia (77 @ Lex., 3000 by end)
· Dr. Warren –1 if by land, 2 if by sea; nursed colonists’ wounds all day
· Captain John Parker
British
· General Thomas Gage & 700 British soldiers
· E. Burke tries to smooth things over for the colonists
Outcome
· 3000 colonists surround the road back to Boston, more fighting as British retreat
· Three times as many British were killed as Americans (270 British)
Historical Significance
· First armed resistance resulting in British loss of life
· It was the “shot heard round the world”—led the way for many countries to rebel against the monarchs who controlled them
· Days later, Massachusetts men used propaganda to gain support from other colonists. Now about 1/3 of colonists were for independence from Britain (Patriots)
· 2nd Continental Congress
1. Olive Branch Petition—asking for peace (KG3 refused)
2. Chose GW to lead organized army
(15-20,000)
· John Hancock, Sam Adams, other leaders were hiding from arrest in Concord. Also a stockpile of ammunition in Concord.
· The British troops are planning to capture them in Concord, but colonial spies find out.
· Paul Revere & others ride into the night to warn of approaching “regulars”
· Lexington 5 am: British & 77 militia meet. Mysterious shot fired. 8 colonists killed. British go on to Concord
· Conflict at North Bridge, 2 colonists killed, 3 British killed.
· 400 militia waiting on hillside, thought their homes were being burned, came down to Concord and attacked. Few deaths. British retreat.
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Paul Revere & Samuel Prescott ride the north route to warn colonists; PR captured by British soldiers
· William Dawes rides south route
· Militia (77 @ Lex., 3000 by end)
· Dr. Warren –1 if by land, 2 if by sea; nursed colonists’ wounds all day
· Captain John Parker
British
· General Thomas Gage & 700 British soldiers
· E. Burke tries to smooth things over for the colonists
Outcome
· 3000 colonists surround the road back to Boston, more fighting as British retreat
· Three times as many British were killed as Americans (270 British)
Historical Significance
· First armed resistance resulting in British loss of life
· It was the “shot heard round the world”—led the way for many countries to rebel against the monarchs who controlled them
· Days later, Massachusetts men used propaganda to gain support from other colonists. Now about 1/3 of colonists were for independence from Britain (Patriots)
· 2nd Continental Congress
1. Olive Branch Petition—asking for peace (KG3 refused)
2. Chose GW to lead organized army
(15-20,000)
EVENT 4.5: Battle of Bunker & Breed’s Hill June 17, 1775
Plot Summary
· Colonial militias from the countryside of Mass encircle Boston in hopes of getting the British out
· In the middle of the night, the colonists dig trenches on top of B & B Hills on Charlestown Peninsula. British attacked their position
· 3 waves of British. First two result in many Brit deaths
· On 3rd wave, Americans run out of ammo & retreat
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups
Colonists
· Green Mt. Boys
· Benedict Arnold—rebel groups who helped after the battle
· William Prescott—American Colonel who led 1200 colonists to defend BB Hills; “don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes”—low on ammo, so needed to take careful aim
British
· General Thomas Gage & General Howe
· 3000 Brit soldiers
Outcome
· 1050 Brit deaths, 440 Am deaths—many shot in back during retreat including Dr. Warren
· Green Mt. Boys snuck into Brit. Ft. Ticonderoga in NY (pretended to be a barber) & took 50 cannons (no deaths), dragged 10,000 lbs. 200 miles to Boston
Ticonderoga cannons set up by winter at Dorchester Heights, aimed at Boston Harbor Brit Navy
Historical Significance
· Colonial “moral victory”; shocked that they could beat the most powerful army in the world, boosts confidence; though Brits claimed victory b/c of retreat
· Brits leave Boston by March & 1000 loyalists go to Canada
· E. Burke asks Parliament to withdraw troops, Lord North just sends more
· Colonial militias from the countryside of Mass encircle Boston in hopes of getting the British out
· In the middle of the night, the colonists dig trenches on top of B & B Hills on Charlestown Peninsula. British attacked their position
· 3 waves of British. First two result in many Brit deaths
· On 3rd wave, Americans run out of ammo & retreat
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups
Colonists
· Green Mt. Boys
· Benedict Arnold—rebel groups who helped after the battle
· William Prescott—American Colonel who led 1200 colonists to defend BB Hills; “don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes”—low on ammo, so needed to take careful aim
British
· General Thomas Gage & General Howe
· 3000 Brit soldiers
Outcome
· 1050 Brit deaths, 440 Am deaths—many shot in back during retreat including Dr. Warren
· Green Mt. Boys snuck into Brit. Ft. Ticonderoga in NY (pretended to be a barber) & took 50 cannons (no deaths), dragged 10,000 lbs. 200 miles to Boston
Ticonderoga cannons set up by winter at Dorchester Heights, aimed at Boston Harbor Brit Navy
Historical Significance
· Colonial “moral victory”; shocked that they could beat the most powerful army in the world, boosts confidence; though Brits claimed victory b/c of retreat
· Brits leave Boston by March & 1000 loyalists go to Canada
· E. Burke asks Parliament to withdraw troops, Lord North just sends more
EVENT 5: Declaration of Independence July, 1776
Plot Summary
· Colonists are frustrated (many have read Common Sense—500,000 copies; 2.5 million colonists, .5 million slaves)
· Small battles continue
· Richard Henry Lee makes the resolution for independence at the Second Cont. Congress in early June of 1776. They appoint committee to write
· News spreads slowly. Crowds gather to hear reading of the D of I. They cheer loudly, shoot off guns (even though power is in low supply), and celebrate the news.
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Richard Henry Lee: proposes independence.
· Thomas Jefferson: nominated to write draft of DI b/c he’s the youngest member and a great writer
· Ben Franklin, John Adams: Delegates on the committee to help revise declaration
· Thomas Paine: author of Common Sense
Outcome
3 main purposes of D. of I.:
1. Tell beliefs about good gov’t (benefits for people and consent of people)
2. What King G3 had done wrong
3. Announce sovereignty
That way colonists and other countries could understand it, which could gain them international sympathy & support
Historical Significance
· Birth of our country (on paper only at this point)
· Becomes framework for future change: France, Latin America, India
· Anti-Slavery clause left out b/c needed compromise to get S. Colonies to sign
· Groups left out of equality: women, blacks, N.A., non-property owning white men
· Colonists are frustrated (many have read Common Sense—500,000 copies; 2.5 million colonists, .5 million slaves)
· Small battles continue
· Richard Henry Lee makes the resolution for independence at the Second Cont. Congress in early June of 1776. They appoint committee to write
· News spreads slowly. Crowds gather to hear reading of the D of I. They cheer loudly, shoot off guns (even though power is in low supply), and celebrate the news.
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Richard Henry Lee: proposes independence.
· Thomas Jefferson: nominated to write draft of DI b/c he’s the youngest member and a great writer
· Ben Franklin, John Adams: Delegates on the committee to help revise declaration
· Thomas Paine: author of Common Sense
Outcome
3 main purposes of D. of I.:
1. Tell beliefs about good gov’t (benefits for people and consent of people)
2. What King G3 had done wrong
3. Announce sovereignty
That way colonists and other countries could understand it, which could gain them international sympathy & support
Historical Significance
· Birth of our country (on paper only at this point)
· Becomes framework for future change: France, Latin America, India
· Anti-Slavery clause left out b/c needed compromise to get S. Colonies to sign
· Groups left out of equality: women, blacks, N.A., non-property owning white men
EVENT 6: Battles of Trenton & Princeton Dec 26, 1776 -- Jan 3, 1777
Plot Summary
· GW is depressed and badly in need of a victory
1. defecting soldiers
2. soldiers are either fresh, but untrained; or experienced but exhausted
3. hasn’t won battles since Boston last June
4. term for enlistment is up 12/31/76—if they all go, numbers will fall from 20,000 to 3,000
5. Washington and his army retreat from losses (in Canada, in NY—where the Brits would maintain control for the next 7 years)
6. GW writes to his brother “I think the game is pretty near up” but still has courage and dedication “I will not ask any man go further than I do. I will fight so long as I have a leg or an arm.”
· GW pushes on, hoping for a victory before the end of Dec.
· At Trenton:
1. GW crosses the Delaware River in the middle of the night. Get to Trenton 8 am, the morning after Christmas.
2. Hessians are hung over from celebrating the day before. Colonel Rahl had received a warning note from a Tory but hadn’t read it.
3. Cont soldiers surrounded their camp, and Hessians surrendered.
4. 900 prisoners taken, 100 Brits killed. Only 2 Americans die from the cold.
· At Princeton:
1. GW took the soldiers out on what could be their last night with him Dec 30
2. Cornwallis had been pursuing GW. Stops on one side of the river, decided to “bag the old fox in the morning”
3. Cont were camped across a river from the Brits
4. GW left some soldiers in camp to make noises, stoke the fires, etc.
The rest of the Cont soldiers snuck around them in the night and attacked in the morning
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Gen. George Wash.: commander of the continental army
· Thomas Paine: author of “The Crisis” which is ordered read to the troops. "These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman."
British
· General Howe: had NY victory & ordered Cornwallis down to stop Americans
· Gen. Lord Cornwallis: commander of Brit soldiers at Princeton
Hessians: professional German soldiers hired by English to help them fight. 1200 of them protected Trenton.
Outcome
· Trenton: 12/26/76
1. battle lasted about an hour
2. 900 prisoners taken, about 100 killed. Only 2 Americans die from cold.
3. Valuable supplies and munitions taken.
4. Almost pursued Hessians, but bad weather & casks of rum prevailed.
· Princeton: 01/03/77
· 200 Brit soldiers taken prisoner, 86 killed
· 40 Americans killed
Historical Significance
· They occupy all of New Jersey as “recruiting” ground.
· The victories bolster American confidence, morale, and hope
· Term for enlistment was coming up and this encouraged people to re-enlist
· GW is depressed and badly in need of a victory
1. defecting soldiers
2. soldiers are either fresh, but untrained; or experienced but exhausted
3. hasn’t won battles since Boston last June
4. term for enlistment is up 12/31/76—if they all go, numbers will fall from 20,000 to 3,000
5. Washington and his army retreat from losses (in Canada, in NY—where the Brits would maintain control for the next 7 years)
6. GW writes to his brother “I think the game is pretty near up” but still has courage and dedication “I will not ask any man go further than I do. I will fight so long as I have a leg or an arm.”
· GW pushes on, hoping for a victory before the end of Dec.
· At Trenton:
1. GW crosses the Delaware River in the middle of the night. Get to Trenton 8 am, the morning after Christmas.
2. Hessians are hung over from celebrating the day before. Colonel Rahl had received a warning note from a Tory but hadn’t read it.
3. Cont soldiers surrounded their camp, and Hessians surrendered.
4. 900 prisoners taken, 100 Brits killed. Only 2 Americans die from the cold.
· At Princeton:
1. GW took the soldiers out on what could be their last night with him Dec 30
2. Cornwallis had been pursuing GW. Stops on one side of the river, decided to “bag the old fox in the morning”
3. Cont were camped across a river from the Brits
4. GW left some soldiers in camp to make noises, stoke the fires, etc.
The rest of the Cont soldiers snuck around them in the night and attacked in the morning
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Gen. George Wash.: commander of the continental army
· Thomas Paine: author of “The Crisis” which is ordered read to the troops. "These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman."
British
· General Howe: had NY victory & ordered Cornwallis down to stop Americans
· Gen. Lord Cornwallis: commander of Brit soldiers at Princeton
Hessians: professional German soldiers hired by English to help them fight. 1200 of them protected Trenton.
Outcome
· Trenton: 12/26/76
1. battle lasted about an hour
2. 900 prisoners taken, about 100 killed. Only 2 Americans die from cold.
3. Valuable supplies and munitions taken.
4. Almost pursued Hessians, but bad weather & casks of rum prevailed.
· Princeton: 01/03/77
· 200 Brit soldiers taken prisoner, 86 killed
· 40 Americans killed
Historical Significance
· They occupy all of New Jersey as “recruiting” ground.
· The victories bolster American confidence, morale, and hope
· Term for enlistment was coming up and this encouraged people to re-enlist
EVENT 7: Battle of Saratoga Oct 17, 1777
Plot Summary
· Embarrassed by losses to the Americans in Penn, the British take on the Americans in the Hudson River Valley of NY. The plan is to capture control of NE and cut it off from the rest of the colonies.
· 3 Brit leaders coming to attack ContArmy at Albany from 3 directions. Burgoyne from (N) Quebec, Howe from (E) NYC, St. Leger from (W) Lake Ontario
-Howe and St. Leger did not show
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Cont army under General Gates
· Ben Franklin
· France: King Louis XVI
British
· General Burgoyne
· Colonel St. Leger
· General Howe
Outcome
· Burgoyne is the only one who shows up at Albany to fight
· After 600 Brit deaths, (only 150 Cont) they retreat but are surrounded
· Burgoyne surrenders 6000 men (including many generals & members of Parliament), weapons, etc.
Historical Significance
· Large army captured, severely weakening Brits & continuing to improve Cont morale
· Unofficial ambassador, Ben Franklin, convinces France to sign Treaty of Alliance Feb 1778—French agree to help Americans against the British, even though help didn’t arrive until later that spring (Spain & Netherlands joined in 1779)
· Gives Cont army access to guns, supplies, especially a navy
· Embarrassed by losses to the Americans in Penn, the British take on the Americans in the Hudson River Valley of NY. The plan is to capture control of NE and cut it off from the rest of the colonies.
· 3 Brit leaders coming to attack ContArmy at Albany from 3 directions. Burgoyne from (N) Quebec, Howe from (E) NYC, St. Leger from (W) Lake Ontario
-Howe and St. Leger did not show
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· Cont army under General Gates
· Ben Franklin
· France: King Louis XVI
British
· General Burgoyne
· Colonel St. Leger
· General Howe
Outcome
· Burgoyne is the only one who shows up at Albany to fight
· After 600 Brit deaths, (only 150 Cont) they retreat but are surrounded
· Burgoyne surrenders 6000 men (including many generals & members of Parliament), weapons, etc.
Historical Significance
· Large army captured, severely weakening Brits & continuing to improve Cont morale
· Unofficial ambassador, Ben Franklin, convinces France to sign Treaty of Alliance Feb 1778—French agree to help Americans against the British, even though help didn’t arrive until later that spring (Spain & Netherlands joined in 1779)
· Gives Cont army access to guns, supplies, especially a navy
EVENT 8: Siege of Yorktown Oct 1781
Plot Summary
· More than a year of Continentals Marion & Greene hit & run style fighting in the south have taken a toll on the Brit
· War in north stagnates
· Cornwallis decides to take his army to Yorktown Peninsula to regroup & get supplies
· French navy has been defeating Brits for over a year and now has control of most of the coast
· Battle of the Capes Sept 5, left French in control of Chesapeake Bay
· After traveling 450 miles, Washington & Rochambeau arrive on the land route from NY Sept. 14
Lafayette & Von Steuben also reinforced with soldiers Sept. 28
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· French: Admiral de Grasse & 29 warships in Chesapeake Bay
· French: General Jean de Rochambeau & 7000 French soldiers
· GW & Cont. army 6000
· Lafayette, Von Steuben 2000
British
· General Cornwallis & 7500 Brit troops
Outcome
· Cornwallis is trapped, siege lasts over a month, defending fortifications, ammo & supplies run low, evacuation attempt fails
· Unconditional surrender on Oct 19, 1781
http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-yorktown.htm
http://xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/yrkcam-z.htm
MAP p. 234
Historical Significance
· Last major battle of the RevWar
· Brit army bitterly humiliated by “rag-tag” army
· 100,000 Loyalists leave to Canada, England, West Indies
· Brit loses America, but keeps fighting for other colonies (and keeps some for another 200 years)
· More than a year of Continentals Marion & Greene hit & run style fighting in the south have taken a toll on the Brit
· War in north stagnates
· Cornwallis decides to take his army to Yorktown Peninsula to regroup & get supplies
· French navy has been defeating Brits for over a year and now has control of most of the coast
· Battle of the Capes Sept 5, left French in control of Chesapeake Bay
· After traveling 450 miles, Washington & Rochambeau arrive on the land route from NY Sept. 14
Lafayette & Von Steuben also reinforced with soldiers Sept. 28
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· French: Admiral de Grasse & 29 warships in Chesapeake Bay
· French: General Jean de Rochambeau & 7000 French soldiers
· GW & Cont. army 6000
· Lafayette, Von Steuben 2000
British
· General Cornwallis & 7500 Brit troops
Outcome
· Cornwallis is trapped, siege lasts over a month, defending fortifications, ammo & supplies run low, evacuation attempt fails
· Unconditional surrender on Oct 19, 1781
http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-yorktown.htm
http://xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/yrkcam-z.htm
MAP p. 234
Historical Significance
· Last major battle of the RevWar
· Brit army bitterly humiliated by “rag-tag” army
· 100,000 Loyalists leave to Canada, England, West Indies
· Brit loses America, but keeps fighting for other colonies (and keeps some for another 200 years)
EVENT 9: Treaty of Paris Sept. 3, 1783
Plot Summary
Almost 2 years of debate & compromise, Brits sign the treaty giving America its independence
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· John Adams
· Ben Franklin
· Other Continental Congress delegates
British
· Lord North
· King George
Outcome
· Independent nation
· New territory from Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi River
MAP p. 191
Historical Significance
· Official end of revolution
· First successful revolution of the 3rd world, inspires other nations to revolt:
France, Mexico, among others.
Almost 2 years of debate & compromise, Brits sign the treaty giving America its independence
Key Leaders, Figures, & Groups Involved
Colonists
· John Adams
· Ben Franklin
· Other Continental Congress delegates
British
· Lord North
· King George
Outcome
· Independent nation
· New territory from Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi River
MAP p. 191
Historical Significance
· Official end of revolution
· First successful revolution of the 3rd world, inspires other nations to revolt:
France, Mexico, among others.
Study Guide for American Revolution Final
- Before 1763, the American colonies had been allowed to govern themselves.
- The French and Indian War resulted in the French losing control of North American, leading Parliment to tax the colonies to help pay off Britain's war debt, and greatly expanded Britain's empire in North America. This did NOTHING to or for the Native Americans.
- The Stamp Act upset Americans most because the colonistes believed that Parliment had no right to tax the colonies.
- After the Boston Massacre, Revere's engraving caused colonists to react and now believed that Britain would violate their rights.
- The Coercive/Intolerable Acts united the colonies against Britain.
- The clashes between colonists and British troops at Lexington and Concord proved that Americans were willing to fight for their rights as British citizens.
- The main impact of Common Sense in the colonies was that it persuaded many colonists that the time had come to declare independence.
- The purpose of the Olive Branch Petition was to persuade King George to make peace with the colonies.
- In the Battle of Bunker and Breed's Hills, the colonial soldier Putnam yelled to the men, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes."
- The Declaration of Independence was written to explain why it was time for the colonies to separate from Great Britain.
- The Declaration of Independence states that all people are born with certain rights that include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
- The main American strength when the war began was an able and inspiring leader in George Washington.
- The main impact of The Crisis was to persuade the soldiers to stay enlisted and for them to NOT be summer soldiers.
- The American victory at Trenton showed that the Americans could beat the British and their allies (the Hessions).
- The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the war because it brought France into the war as an American ally.
- The outcome of the Battle of Yorktown was that Cornwallis surrendered, ending the war.
- In the Treaty of Paris, the Americans won their independence and all the territory lying to the east of the Mississippi River.
